English tips
12.28'23
12 Tenses
Phonetic/Pronunciation
Pronunciation respelling for English - Wikipedia
IPA - NOAD
- IPA – Compromise dialect-neutral English pronunciation using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as used in Wikipedia.
- NOAD - New Oxford American Dictionary (2001, 2005, 2010). New York: Oxford University Press. (Diacritical transcription).
Vowels
| IPA | NOAD | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| æ | a | cat |
| eɪ | ā | day |
| ɛər | e(ə)r | hair |
| ɑː | ä | father |
| ɑːr | är | arm |
| ɛ | e | let |
| iː | ē | see |
| ɪər | i(ə)r | here |
| ɪ | i | pit |
| aɪ | ī | by |
| ɒ | ä, o | pot |
| oʊ | ō | no |
| ɔː | ô | caught |
| ɔːr | ôr | north, force |
| ɔɪ | oi | noise |
| ʊ | o͝o | took |
| ʊər | o͝or | tour |
| uː | o͞o | soon |
| aʊ | ou | out |
| ʌ | ə | cut |
| ɜːr | ər | word |
| ə | ə | about |
| ər | ər | butter |
| juː | yo͞o | view |
Consonants
| IPA | NOAD | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| tʃ | ᴄʜ | church |
| ɡ | g | game |
| h | h | hat |
| hw | (h)w | which |
| dʒ | j | judge |
| x | ᴋʜ | loch(Scottish and Irish) Buch(German) |
| ŋ | ɴɢ | thing |
| s | s | sauce |
| ʃ | sʜ | ship |
| θ | ᴛʜ | thin |
| ð | ᴛʜ | this |
| j | y | yes |
| ʒ | ᴢʜ | vision |
The following letters have the same values in all systems listed: b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, w, z.
Stress
| IPA | NOAD | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| ˈa | ˈa | primary stress |
| ˌa | ˌa | secondary stress |
| a | a | teriary stress |
Concise Oxford Dictionary's system without respelling
| COD variant | IPA |
|---|---|
| ph | /f/ |
| kn (initial) | /n/ |
| wr (initial) | /r/ |
| g, dg | /dʒ/ (before e, i, y) /ɡ/ otherwise (hard and soft g) |
| c | /s/ (before e, i, y) /k/ otherwise (hard and soft c) |
| ai, ay | /eɪ/ |
| air | /ɛər/ |
| ae, ea, ee, ie | /iː/ |
| ė, ie (final), ey | /ɪ/ |
| ear, eer, ier | /ɪər/ |
| aw | /ɔː/ |
| oy | /ɔɪ/ |
| ou | /aʊ/ |
| i͡r, u͡r | /ɜr/ |
| eu, ew | /juː/ |
Past tense ~ed pronunciation
pronunciation of S
affect/effect/impact
-
affect
- verb: to influence
- noun: moods and feeling
-
effect
- verb: to bring about, to produce
- noun: result
-
impact
- verb: strike with a blow or to pack firmly together
- noun: a collision
Order
first-second-third-and-finally
- Initially / to start with (less formal) = first(ly)
- Then / next / after that / afterwards = later
- In addition / additionally = second(ly)
- Furthermore / moreover / what's more (less formal) = third(ly)
- In conclusion / lastly / in the end (less formal)= finally
Attach
- [Something] is attached/included for your review.
- I've attached/included [something] to this email.
End
- Please let me know if you have any questions.
- I look forward to [doing].
Pretty, fairly, quite, really, and very
From weakest to strongest
- Pretty, fairly, and somewhat
- Quite
- Really, very, and extremely
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